I ka makahiki 2010, ua lanakila ʻo Geim lāua ʻo Novoselov i ka Nobel Prize in physics no kā lāua hana ma ka graphene.Ua waiho kēia makana i ka manaʻo hohonu i nā poʻe he nui.Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole like ka maʻamau o kēlā me kēia mea hana hoʻokolohua Nobel Prize e like me ka lipine adhesive, a ʻaʻole kēlā me kēia mea noiʻi e like me ke kilokilo a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo e like me ka graphene "ʻelua-dimensional crystal".Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ka hana ma 2004 i ka makahiki 2010, he mea kakaʻikahi i ka moʻolelo o ka Nobel Prize i nā makahiki i hala.
ʻO Graphene kekahi ʻano mea i loaʻa i kahi papa hoʻokahi o nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia i loko o ka lattice hexagonal honeycomb ʻelua.E like me ke daimana, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotubes a me carbon amorphous, he mea ia (mea maʻalahi) i haku ʻia me nā mea kalapona.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā fullerenes a me nā nanotubes carbon i ʻōwili ʻia ma kekahi ʻano mai kahi papa hoʻokahi o ka graphene, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā papa graphene he nui.ʻO ka noiʻi noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphene e wehewehe i nā waiwai o nā mea maʻalahi kalapona like ʻole (graphite, carbon nanotubes a me graphene) ua lōʻihi ma kahi o 60 mau makahiki, akā ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia he paʻakikī ia mau mea ʻelua-dimensional e noho hoʻokahi. hoʻopili wale ʻia i ka ʻili substrate ʻekolu-dimensional a i ʻole nā mea i loko e like me ka graphite.ʻAʻole a hiki i ka makahiki 2004 ʻo Andre Geim a me kāna haumāna ʻo Konstantin Novoselov i wehe i kahi papa graphene mai ka graphite ma o nā hoʻokolohua i loaʻa i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka graphene ka hoʻomohala hou.
Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo fullerene (hema) a me carbon nanotube (waena) i ʻōwili ʻia e kahi papa graphene ma kekahi ʻano, ʻoiai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka graphite ('ākau) e nā papa graphene he nui ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ikaika van der Waals.
I kēia mau lā, hiki ke loaʻa ka graphene ma nā ʻano he nui, a ʻo nā ʻano hana like ʻole ko lākou pono a me nā hemahema.Ua loaʻa iā Geim lāua ʻo Novoselov ka graphene ma ke ala maʻalahi.Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lipine alohilohi i loaʻa i nā hale kūʻai nui, ua kāʻili lākou i ka graphene, he pepa graphite me hoʻokahi wale nō papa o nā ʻātoma kalapona mānoanoa, mai kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe pyrolytic graphite.He kūpono kēia, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka controllability, a ʻo ka graphene me ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 100 microns (hoʻokahi hapaʻumi o ka millimeter) hiki ke loaʻa wale, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā hoʻokolohua, akā paʻakikī ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana. nā noi.Hiki i ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu kemika ke ulu i nā laʻana graphene me ka nui o ʻumi kenimika ma ka ʻili metala.ʻOiai ʻo 100 microns [3,4] wale nō ka wahi me ka hoʻonohonoho kūlike, ua kūpono ia no nā pono hana o kekahi mau noi.ʻO kekahi ʻano hana maʻamau ʻo ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke aniani carbide silicon (SIC) i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1100 ℃ i loko o ka vacuum, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻātoma silika kokoke i ka ʻili, a ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia nā ʻāpana kalapona i koe, hiki ke loaʻa i nā laʻana graphene me nā waiwai maikaʻi.
He mea hou 'o Graphene me nā waiwai 'oko'a: 'oi aku ka maika'i o kona conductivity uila e like me ke keleawe, a 'oi aku ka maika'i o kona conductivity wela ma mua o nā mea i 'ike 'ia.He maopopo loa.ʻO kahi hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō (2.3%) o ke kukui ʻike ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia e ka graphene, a e hele ka hapa nui o ka mālamalama.ʻAʻole hiki ke hele i loko o nā ʻātoma helium (nā molekele kinoea liʻiliʻi loa).ʻAʻole i hoʻoili pololei ʻia kēia mau mea kilokilo mai ka graphite, akā mai ka quantum mechanics.ʻO kāna mau hiʻohiʻona uila a me ka optical e hoʻoholo ai he mau manaʻo hoʻohana ākea.
ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ka graphene no ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻumi makahiki, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā noi ʻenehana he nui, he mea kakaʻikahi loa ia ma nā ʻano o ka physics a me ka ʻepekema waiwai.ʻOi aku ma mua o ʻumi makahiki a i ʻole mau ʻumi makahiki no ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea maʻamau mai ka hale hana i ke ola maoli.He aha ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka graphene?E nānā kākou i ʻelua laʻana.
ʻO ka electrode māmā māmā
I nā mea uila he nui, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea conductive transparent e like me nā electrodes.ʻAʻole hiki i nā wati uila, nā helu helu, nā kīwī, nā hōʻike aniani wai, nā pale paʻi, nā panela solar a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe he nui.Hoʻohana ka electrode transparent kuʻuna i ka indium tin oxide (ITO).Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka hāʻawi palena ʻole o ka indium, palupalu nā mea a me ka ʻole o ka maʻalahi, a pono e waiho ʻia ka electrode i ka papa waena o ka vacuum, a he kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai.No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻepekema e ʻimi i kāna mea pani.Ma waho aʻe o nā koi o ke aniani, ka conductivity maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomākaukau maʻalahi, inā maikaʻi ka maʻalahi o ka mea ponoʻī, e kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i ka "pepa uila" a i ʻole nā mea hōʻike ʻē aʻe.No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi loa ka maʻalahi.He ʻano mea like ʻo Graphene, kūpono loa no nā electrodes transparent.
Ua loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi mai Samsung a me Chengjunguan University ma South Korea ka graphene me ka diagonal lōʻihi o 30 iniha ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mahu a hoʻololi iā ia i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 188 micron mānoanoa e hana i kahi pale paʻi graphene [4].E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei, ua hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia ka graphene i ulu ʻia ma luna o ka pahu keleawe me ka lipine wela (ʻāpana ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula), a laila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pahu keleawe ma ke ʻano kemika, a ma hope ua hoʻololi ʻia ka graphene i ke kiʻi PET ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana. .
ʻO nā mea hana induction photoelectric hou
Loaʻa i ka Graphene nā waiwai optical ʻokoʻa.ʻOiai hoʻokahi wale nō papa o nā atoms, hiki iā ia ke komo i ka 2.3% o ke kukui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka laulā holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa mai ke kukui ʻike ʻia i ka infrared.ʻAʻole pili kēia helu me nā ʻāpana waiwai ʻē aʻe o ka graphene a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e quantum electrodynamics [6].ʻO ke kukui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e alakaʻi i ka hanauna o nā mea lawe (electrons and holes).ʻOkoʻa loa ka hanauna a me ka lawe ʻana i nā mea lawe i ka graphene mai nā mea i loko o nā semiconductors kuʻuna.Hana kēia i ka graphene kūpono loa no nā mea hana induction photoelectric ultrafast.Ua manaʻo ʻia e hana paha ia mau mea hana induction photoelectric ma ke alapine o 500ghz.Inā hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka hōʻailona, hiki iā ia ke hoʻouna i 500 biliona zeros a i ʻole nā mea i kēlā me kēia kekona, a hoʻopau i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā ʻike o ʻelua Blu ray disc i hoʻokahi kekona.
Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe loea mai IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka graphene e hana i nā mea hana induction photoelectric e hiki ke hana ma 10GHz frequency [8].ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā graphene flakes ma kahi substrate silika i uhi ʻia me ka silica mānoanoa 300 nm e ka "tape tearing method", a laila palladium gula a i ʻole titanium gula electrodes me kahi manawa o 1 micron a me ka laulā o 250 nm i hana ʻia ma luna.Ma kēia ala, loaʻa kahi hāmeʻa induction photoelectric e pili ana i ka graphene.
Ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o ka graphene photoelectric induction lako a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi electron microscope (SEM) o nā laʻana maoli.ʻO ka laina pōkole ʻeleʻele ma ke kiʻi e like me 5 microns, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā laina metala he hoʻokahi micron.
Ma o nā hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi hiki i kēia metala graphene metal structure photoelectric induction device ke hiki i ke alapine hana o 16ghz i ka nui loa, a hiki ke hana me ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe i ka lōʻihi hawewe mai 300 nm (kokoke i ka ultraviolet) a i 6 microns (infrared), ʻoiai. ʻAʻole hiki i ka puʻu induction photoelectric kuʻuna ke pane i ke kukui infrared me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu.ʻO ka pinepine hana o nā mea hana induction photoelectric graphene he lumi nui no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana.ʻO kāna hana kiʻekiʻe e loaʻa iā ia kahi ākea o nā manaʻo noi, me ke kamaʻilio, ka mana mamao a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Ma ke ʻano he mea hou me nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa, ke kū mai nei ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphene.He mea paʻakikī iā mākou ke helu iā lākou ma ʻaneʻi.I ka wā e hiki mai ana, aia paha nā paipu hopena i hana ʻia me ka graphene, nā hoʻololi molekala i hana ʻia me ka graphene a me nā mea ʻike molecular i hana ʻia me ka graphene i kēlā me kēia lā…
Hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e puka mai ka nui o nā huahana uila e hoʻohana ana i ka graphene i ka wā e hiki mai ana.E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoihoi inā hiki ke ʻōwili ʻia kā mākou mau kelepona a me nā netbook i luna, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ko mākou mau pepeiao, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kā mākou ʻeke, a ʻōwili ʻia i ko mākou mau lima lima ke hoʻohana ʻole ʻia!
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-09-2022